María Eva Duarte de Perón | "Spiritual Leader of the Nation"

 

에바 페론 [ Eva Perón ]

작은 에바(Little Eva)'라는 의미의  '에비타(Evita)'라는 애칭으로  친숙한 이름.

에비타 (Evita)  -  '작은 에바(Little Eva)'는  그녀의 어릴 적 이름이다.

 

정식 이름  '마리아 에바 두아르테 데 페론[Maria Eva Duarte Peron]'

 

그녀의 나이 26세에 영부인이 되다...

 

영부인 에바 페론은 '헐벗은 사람'들에 대해 이야기하며 미디어를 지배했고, 노조와 호의적인 관계를 맺고 유지하며, 가난한 사람들을 적극 지원하면서  남편의 통치를 도왔다.

 

여성의 투표권 보장을 얻어내는가 하면   빈곤층을 지원하고 수많은 학교, 병원, 양로원을 설립,  빈곤층을 지원하였고  끝없는 자선 사업을 펼치면서 아르헨티나 민중들의 인기를 한몸에 받아  어느새 노동자와 빈민들에게 에바 페론은  '성녀'로 숭앙되고  있었다.

 

Evita was recognized as the "Spiritual Leader of the Nation" in 1952.
'국가의 정신적 지도자'로  인정된 1952년의  에비타

 

 

1950년 자궁암 진단을 받은 에바 페론은

1952년 7월 26일 오후 8시 25분,  33세의 젊은 나이로 세상을 떠났다.

 

 

María Eva Duarte de Perón (7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952)

 

María Eva Duarte de Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈɾi.a ˈeβa ˈðwaɾte ðe peˈɾon]; née María Eva Duarte; 7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952), better known as just Eva Perón or by the nickname Evita (Spanish: [eˈβita]), was an Argentine politician, activist, actress, and philanthropist who served as First Lady of Argentina from June 1946 until her death in July 1952, as the wife of Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974). She was born in poverty in the rural village of Los Toldos, in the Pampas, as the youngest of five children. In 1934, at the age of 15, she moved to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires to pursue a career as a stage, radio, and film actress.

 

She met Colonel Juan Perón on 22 January 1944 during a charity event at the Luna Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, Argentina. The two were married the following year. Juan Perón was elected President of Argentina in June 1946; during the next six years, Eva Perón became powerful within the pro-Peronist trade unions, primarily for speaking on behalf of labor rights. She also ran the Ministries of Labor and Health, founded and ran the charitable Eva Perón Foundation, championed women's suffrage in Argentina, and founded and ran the nation's first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party.

 

In 1951, Eva Perón announced her candidacy for the Peronist nomination for the office of Vice President of Argentina, receiving great support from the Peronist political base, low-income and working-class Argentines who were referred to as descamisados or "shirtless ones". Opposition from the nation's military and bourgeoisie, coupled with her declining health, ultimately forced her to withdraw her candidacy. In 1952, shortly before her death from cancer at 33, Eva Perón was given the title of "Spiritual Leader of the Nation" by the Argentine Congress.  She was given a state funeral upon her death, a prerogative generally reserved for heads of state.

 

Eva Perón has become a part of international popular culture,  most famously as the subject of the musical Evita (1976).  Cristina Álvarez Rodríguez has said that Evita has never left the collective consciousness of Argentines.  Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, the second woman elected president of Argentina (after Isabel Perón), claims that women of her generation owe a debt to Eva for "her example of passion and combativeness".

 

 Early life

 

Eva Duarte at her First Holy Communion, 1926

 

Early childhood

Eva's 1951 biography, La Razón de mi Vida, contains no dates or references to childhood occurrences, and does not list the location of her birth or her name at birth.  According to Junín's civil registry, a birth certificate shows that one María Eva Duarte was born on 7 May 1919.  Her baptismal certificate lists the date of birth as 7 May 1919 under the name Eva María Ibarguren.  It is thought that in 1945 the adult Eva Perón created a forgery of her birth certificate for her marriage.

 

Eva Perón spent her childhood in Junín, Buenos Aires province. Her father, Juan Duarte (1872–1926), was descended from French Basque immigrants.  Her mother, Juana Ibarguren (9 February 1894 – 11 February 1971), was descended from Spanish Basque immigrants.  Juan Duarte, a wealthy rancher from nearby Chivilcoy, already had a wife and family there.  At that time in rural Argentina, it was not uncommon for a wealthy man to have multiple families.

 

When Eva was a year old, Duarte returned permanently to his legal family, leaving Juana Ibarguren and her children in abject poverty.  Ibarguren and her children were forced to move to the poorest area of Junín. Los Toldos was a village in the dusty region of Las Pampas, with a reputation as a desolate place of poverty. To support herself and her children, Ibarguren sewed clothes for neighbors. The family was stigmatized by the abandonment of the father and by the illegitimate status of the children under Argentine law, and was consequently somewhat isolated.  A desire to expunge this part of her life might have been a motivation for Eva to arrange the destruction of her original birth certificate in 1945.

 

When Duarte suddenly died and his mistress and their children sought to attend his funeral, there was an unpleasant scene at the church gates.  Although Juana and the children were permitted to enter and pay their respects to Duarte, they were promptly directed out of the church. Mrs. Juan Duarte did not want her husband's mistress and children at the funeral and, as she was the legitimate wife, her orders were respected.

 

 Junín

Before abandoning Juana Ibarguren, Juan Duarte had been her sole means of support. Biographer John Barnes writes that, after this abandonment, all Duarte left to the family was a document declaring that the children were his, thus enabling them to use the Duarte surname. Soon after, Juana moved her children to a one-room apartment in Junín. To pay the rent on their single-roomed home, mother and daughters took up jobs as cooks in the houses of the local estancias.

 

Eventually, owing to Eva's older brother's financial help, the family moved into a bigger house, which they later transformed into a boarding house.  During this time, young Eva often participated in school plays and concerts. One of her favorite pastimes was the cinema. Though Eva's mother had a few plans for Eva, wanting to marry her off to one of the local bachelors, Eva herself dreamed of becoming a famous actress.  Eva's love for acting was reinforced in October 1933, when she played a small role in a school play called Arriba Estudiantes (Students Arise), which Barnes describes as "an emotional, patriotic, flag-waving melodrama".  After the play, Eva was determined to become an actress.

 

 Move to Buenos Aires

 

Eva Duarte in 1944 at age 25, photographed by Annemarie Heinrich

 

In her autobiography, she explained that all the people from her town who had been to the big cities described them as "marvelous places, where nothing was given but wealth". In 1934, at the age of 15, Eva escaped her poverty-stricken village when she ran off with a young musician to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires. The young couple's relationship ended quickly, but Eva remained in Buenos Aires. She began to pursue jobs on the stage and the radio, and she eventually became a film actress. She bleached her naturally black hair to blonde, a look she maintained for the rest of her life.

 

 Memorial

 

 

 

 

Pedro Ara inspects Eva Perón's embalmed corpse

 

Shortly after Evita's death, Pedro Ara, who was well known for his embalming skill, was approached to embalm the body. It is doubtful that Evita ever expressed a wish to be embalmed, which suggests that it was most likely Juan Perón's decision. Ara replaced the subject's blood with glycerine in order to preserve the organs and lend an appearance of "artistically rendered sleep".

 

Disappearance and return of body

 

Perón rests in La Recoleta Cemetery

 

Shortly after Evita's death, plans were made to construct a memorial in her honour. The monument, which was to be a statue of a man representing the descamisados, was projected to be larger than the Statue of Liberty. Evita's body was to be stored in the base of the monument and, in the tradition of Lenin's corpse, to be displayed for the public. While the monument was being constructed, Evita's embalmed body was displayed in her former office at the CGT building for almost two years.  Before the monument to Evita was completed, Juan Perón was overthrown in a military coup, the Revolución Libertadora, in 1955.  Perón hastily fled the country and was unable to make arrangements to secure Evita's body.

 

Following his flight, a military dictatorship took power. The new authorities removed Evita's body from display, and its whereabouts were a mystery for 16 years. From 1955 until 1971, the military dictatorship of Argentina issued a ban on Peronism. In 1971, the military found that Evita's body was buried in a crypt in Milan, Italy, under the name "María Maggi". It appeared that her body had been damaged during its transport and storage, including compressions to her face and disfigurement of one of her feet due to the body having been left in an upright position.

 

In 1995, Tomás Eloy Martínez published Santa Evita, a fictionalised work propounding many new stories about the escapades of the corpse. Allegations that her body was the object of inappropriate attentions are derived from his description of an 'emotional necrophilia' by embalmers, Colonel Koenig and his assistant Arancibia. Many primary and secondary references to his novel have inaccurately stated that her body had been defiled in some way resulting in the widespread belief in this myth. Also included are allegations that many wax copies had been made, that the corpse had been damaged with a hammer, and that one of the wax copies was the object of an officer's sexual attentions.

 

Final resting place

In 1971, Evita's body was exhumed and flown to Spain, where Juan Perón maintained the corpse in his home. Juan and his third wife, Isabel, decided to keep the corpse in their dining room on a platform near the table.  In 1973, Juan Perón came out of exile and returned to Argentina, where he became president for the third time. Perón died in office in 1974.

 

That year the group Montoneros stole the corpse of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, whom they had also previously kidnapped and assassinated. Montoneros then used the captive body of Aramburu to press for the repatriation of Eva's body. His third wife, Isabel Perón, who had been elected vice-president, succeeded Perón and had Eva Perón's body returned to Argentina to be displayed beside her husband's corpse.  Once Eva's body had arrived in Argentina, the group unceremoniously dumped Aramburu's corpse on a random street in Buenos Aires.  Eva's body was later buried in the Duarte family tomb in La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires.

 

Later Argentine governments took elaborate measures to make Eva Perón's tomb secure. The tomb's marble floor has a trapdoor that leads to a compartment containing two coffins. Under that compartment is a second trapdoor and a second compartment. That is where Eva Perón's coffin rests.

 

 

Spiritual Leader of the Nation

'Santa Evita산타 에비타'로 불리는 에바 페론(1919-1952)

 

"아르헨티나여, 나를 위해 울지 말아 다오"

Don't Cry For Me Argentina

 

알젠틴의 전설적인 여인 에비타를 위한 노래이다.
* 아르헨티나는 라틴어로 은(銀)이란 뜻이다.

 

이 노래는 도시산업노동자 계급을 위한

인민 민족주의 정치노선, 페론주의의 창시자인  후안 페론의 두 번째 부인인, 에바 페론 즉 에비타를 위한 노래다.

에비타는 사생아로 태어나,

어려운 밑바닥 생을 전전하다, 연극배우와  라디오 성우를 거쳐, 후안 페론을 만난다.

 

그후로는 지난 이력이 무색할 만큼, 아름답고 총명하면서 야심까지 가득한 페론의 여인이 된다.

1943년 상처하고 독신으로 있던 후안 페론 육군대령과 결혼 , 페론의 아내로 페론의 정치계 투신과 정치활동에 일조하고,

남편이 쿠데타 연루로, 당국에 체포될 때는, 노동자와 노조단체를 이용해 시위하여 그를 석방시킨다.

1946년 마침내 에비타는,

그녀가 쌓은 노조와 빈민 노농자, 서민, 여성들의 전폭적인 지지로 남편 후안페론 대령을 알젠틴의 대통령으로 만든다.

에비타는 언제나 서민 하층의 편에 서서 일하고

여러 가지 정책과 사회사업으로 빈곤층과 서민, 하층민의 절대적인 존경을 받는 정치적인 지도자가 되었다.

에바 페론 재단을 설립하여 수천 개의 병원과 학교, 고아원을 세우고 노동자들의 임금을 올려주었다.

에비타는 노동자 계급의 외경스러운 존재였다.

 

페론 대통령의 임기를 마치고 재선거를 치를 때 전국의 유권자들이 에비타를 부통령으로 하여  환호한다.

그러나 그때 그녀는 암 말기로 혼자의 몸으로는 일어설 수도 없었다.

이 신비의 여인 에비타는  1952년  33세의 젊은 나이에  암으로 사망하여,

전 국민의 애도 속에  아르젠티나 국장으로 장례식이 치러졌다.

 

사후에도 아르헨티나 정계에 절대적인 영향을 미친 에비타의 명성은 지속되었고
남편 페론이 55년 쿠데타로 대통령직에서 축출 추방되었으나,  정적들은 오히려, 신화화된 에비타의 상징성을  더 두려워했다.

이에 당황한 군부는 에비타의 시신을 파내 16년간 이탈리아 등지에  숨겨 두었으나

국내의 페론주의 추종자들이 들고일어나 송환을 요구하자 이에  굴복, 시신을 망명 중이던  남편 페론에게 돌려준다.

 

페론은 망명지에서 세 번째로 이사벨과 결혼한다

부인 이사벨은 에비타 사후, 페론을 만나 61년 결혼한 후, 국내의  지지세력을  등에 업고 귀국한다.

 

페론은 이사벨과 함께 대통령 부통령선거에서  에비타의 페론주의의 영향으로  당선된다.

이사벨은 1974년  페론이 죽자  세계 최초로 여성 대통령에 올랐다.

이사벨은 에비타의 신화를 이용, 페론과 함께 대통령에 당선되었고,

이후 에비타를 이용하기 위해 유해를 국내로 송환안치하여, 페론무덤 옆에 안치하기도 했으나,
페론주의에 적대적이었던  신군사혁명위원회는 이사벨을 가두고 가족 묘지로 옮겨 버렸다.

이사벨도 76년 결국 실각, 가택연금을 당하고, 81년 스페인으로 망명을 떠남으로써,

알젠틴의 페론시대

숙명과 순명의 여인, 에비타시대가  막을 내린다.

 

 

 

Don't cry for me Argentina / madona

 

나를 위해 울지 말아요

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KD_1Z8iUDho 

 

 

 

 

It won"t be easy,
you"ll think it strange
When I try to explain how I feel
That I still need your love after
all that I"ve done

 

여러분들에게 이상하게
들릴 지 모르지만 그렇게 쉽지 않아요
지금 내가 어떤 기분인지를 설명하는 것이,
이 모든 것을 이룬 이후에도 여전히
당신들의 사랑을 필요로 하고 있다는 것이 말이죠.

You won"t believe me
All you will see is a girl you once knew
Although she dressed up to the nines
At sixes and sevens with you

 

당신들은 날 믿지 않을 거예요 당신 앞에
서있는 이 소녀가 당신이 알던 그 아이라는 것을
비록 이렇게 멋지게 차려입고 있기는 하지만
어리둥절한 마음으로 당신 앞에 서있는 것이랍니다.

I had to let it happen; I had to change
Couldn"t stay all my life down at heel
Looking out of the window,
staying out of the sun

 

난 이렇게 해야만 했어요; 난 변화를 가져와야 했어요
내 삶을 저 밑바닥 인생으로 팽개쳐둘 수 없었어요
저 태양 빛으로부터 한 걸음 물러나
창 밖만 바라볼 수 없었어요.

So I chose freedom
Running around trying everything new
But nothing impressed
me at all
I never expected to

 

그래서 난 자유를 선택했어요
이곳 저곳 뛰어다니며 새로운 세계를 경험했던 거죠
하지만 아무 것도 내게 감동을
줄 수는 없었어요 물론 나도 무언가가
스스로 내게 그래줄 것이라 기대하지 않았지만.

Don"t cry for me argentina
The truth is I never left you
All though my wild day
My mad existence
I kept my promise

 

아르헨티나여 울지 말아요
진실로 난 당신을 저버리지 않았답니다.
지금까지 이 힘든 나날 속에서도
이 미칠 것 같은 삶 속에서도
난 당신과의 약속을 지켜왔어요.

Don"t keep your distance
And as for fortune, and as for fame
I never invited them in
Though it seemed to the world
they were all desired

 

그러니 나에게서 멀리 떠나지 말아요
재산이나 명예나
난 그런 것들을 초대한 적이 없어요
비록 세상 모든 사람들은
이런 것들을 열망할 지 모르지만.

They are illusion
They"re not the solutions
they promised to be
The answer was here all the time

 

그것들은 환상에 불과하죠
비록 그렇게 보일지라도
그것들은 진정한 해결책이 아니랍니다.
진정한 해답은 여기 이곳에 항상 있어요.

 

I love you
and hope you love me
Don"t cry for me Argentina-
Don"t cry for me Argentina

 

난 당신들을 사랑합니다.
그리고 당신들도 날 사랑해 주었으면 좋겠어요.
아르헨티나여 이제 더 이상 울지 말아요
아르헨티나여, 울지 말아요.

The truth is I never left you
All though my wild day
My mad existence
I kept my promise

 

진실로 난 당신을 저버리지 않았답니다.
지금까지 이 힘든 나날 속에서도
이 미칠 것 같은 삶 속에서도
난 당신과의 약속을 지켜왔어요.

Don"t keep your distance
Have I said too much?
There"s nothing more I can think of to say to you
But all you have to do is look at me to know
that every world is true

 

그러니 나에게서 멀리 떠나지 말아요
제가 말이 너무 많나요?
이제 당신들에게 할 말이 더 생각나지 않네요.
하지만 이제 절 지켜보면
이 모든 말들이 사실이라는 것을 알게 될 겁니다